Unit 19: Ressubmission of Learning aim A
Introduction:
What is a script and its purpose.
A screenplay or script is to act as a written plan for production.
For aspiring screenwriters, without a screenplay, the director, producers, script editors, agents and film crew would be making up ideas as they go along and would struggle to have a relationship or communication with the screenwriter without the required information the writer gives them. Even small details, such as location, weather and lighting can apply challenges to a movie or Television show just like the story and characters in video games. Each job role which works with a scriptwriter applies responsibilities for the (script) screenwriter.
Different ways scriptwriters can be hired
Selling a ‘spec’ script
Scriptwriters or screenwriters write for film, television, video games, and now even online web series. Script writing can be done for hire or on speculation in hopes to sell their screenplay or find an agent. This ‘Spec’ script means in short for speculative script, and basically means you're writing something that no-one asked for and no-one is paying for. You simply had the idea and decided to write it. For hire, a writer does this to write a script in hopes of selling it to a producer, production company or studio.
Sometimes, the writer creates the script just to prove that this is something they can do. Let's say you had a brilliant idea for a Television show. Creating an entire series is a lot of work. You may not want to start a series from scratch.
Alternatively, you can join a team of other writers. You can take a show that exists — with an established setting, plot and cast of characters — and write an episode. This is a much easier route because everything is there. Once you complete your script, you can send it over to whoever manages the hiring process. Submitting this script lets the showrunner or hirer know they can confidently place you in the writers’ room or put you in the commission in the future. Even if you write a spec script for a specific show, you may even get hired for a completely different show if the original one doesn’t pan out. A well-written spec script will show that you understand the art form and process of a spec script and is one way of getting hired for being a scriptwriter. In most cases the script leads into a produced media or part of it. This could be film, a Television show or video game. But the process writing a spec can lead to being hired as a writer for other work.
Getting hired is unlikely and sometimes spec scripts are uncommission. This means that the people who write the scripts may not get paid as much as they thought they would be getting paid for each script they write.
What is it like to write a spec script? (In depth)
The scriptwriter writes a spec script for free outside of the studio system. You write the spec based on the speculation that the idea is good enough to sell in the open market. The purpose is to showcase the budding screenwriter's acumen at telling a story through action, structure, and dialogue. It's a chance to demonstrate that the writer is capable, and that the idea is good enough to make a profit.
Spec screenplays are the lifeblood of Hollywood and other production houses. Largely because you can't beat that price! They're free! While spec sales are generally down, only 40 sold in 2018, they're a great way to get an agent or a manager to notice your voice. And since no one must pay for them, they've become the most common way to break in. While they're specs are free because the writer writes them for free, the producer or studio can't produce them until they pay the writer. There was a time when a lot of spec scripts went for very high numbers. Writing a spec script gets you lots of general meetings that can lead to paid assignments later.
In television, a spec script is a sample episode for a current TV series that proves you can write in the voice of the show and adapt the characters on it. TV specs are not so much of a thing anymore, some showrunners love them, but others are looking for great original voices that can contribute at any level. Every year the writers celebrate the biggest specs that hit the market. But most of those don't sell. Back in the 1990s, there was a lot of specs that made a lot of money. People like Joe Eszterhas and Shane Black were selling screenplays for millions of dollars. Basic Instinct sold for three million dollars. The Long Kiss Goodnight says it sold for four million dollars. But now lots of modern-day film and TV use fewer spec scripts and is based on using money wisely.
In summary, ‘Spec’ scriptwriting is a cheap way of writing a script to an audience. A disadvantage of spec scripts is that it gives you less freedom since you're not working in a commission project (you’re not working with other writers to make the script interesting and imaginative. Rather, it's your imagination that makes it creative and interesting). For the audience, they may not understand the scriptwriters ideas or grasp a specific concept to a story. Getting hired and making money off your script requires an agent or production company in hopes of getting paid from a green lit script. Also spec scripts are only sold to production houses to give them attention. This rarely happens across a Television show, Movie, Demo Game and even Journalist’s scripts. It must be convincing enough and popular across a range of sectors.
Screenwriters Hired for Rewrites and Adaptations.
Rewriting is how most screenwriters get hired nowadays. According to professional screenwriter Mark Sanderson he sometimes lives off rewritten work. They might have a script that was developed in house or by another perspective writer. the writer on a project several were then brought in to fix screenplay. This will require the attention of multiple roles for writer, some examples being lead writer, commissioner and assistant lead writer. Therefore, you sometimes see multiple credits to different writers on one project and not one specific scriptwriter. Once the rights to intellectual properties are gained, they then look through a pool of writers to find the best to write the main plot of the story. Therefore, relationships are so important in the film industry. Once they know you and your skill you become one of those prospective writers with a chance to write that next adaptation of a script. Adaptations can lead to sequels in films, new seasons in Television shows and a sequel to a game. An example of this is The dark night, a sequel to Batman begins.
Pitching a script to a larger studio/ commissioning body.
Once a writer has a good relationship with a company or gets a chance to pitch in a meeting with their representation. The producers might ask the writer what else they are working on or have written. This is a good opportunity for the writer to pitch the company on one of their other projects. After a good pitch, they might ask for a written synopsis and if that goes well. They could again option that script from the writer again.
What is the point of a pitch and why should it relate to being hired for scripts:
The point of the pitch is to pique the interest of potential readers. In the same way, the back cover of a novel should entice a reader and the trailer of a film should entice a viewer. A pitch for a story, (idea, screenplay, original script) should capture the imagination and paint a picture of the action to the scriptwriter's and director's as well as those who hear it. This is their opportunity to show passion and personality when it comes to your script, generating enough excitement or interest to get a request to read it. The initial goal after completing a screenplay and a final script is undoubtedly to get people to read it. It’s important for the day that you as the scriptwriter should sell the ideas and imagination to the agent or director. Try to show passion and personality when it comes to your script, generating enough excitement or interest to get a request to read it. This is to ultimately how your going to succeed at your pitch for your script, screenplay or just an interesting idea you wrote a story about. Pitches should stick out like a sore thumb but be personal to you. They advance you on creating, even after being rejected it only counts needs one person to accept it, that it can change your scriptwriting career path.
Film commissions:
When getting into work these days, Film commissions are great for hitting the ground running. A good example of this is game of thrones which had very rugged terrain. Whilst describing the location and the weather to the writers we were aware that universal pictures where on the set to shoot and film their comedy your highness here on the location. Since we had been on a trip to L.A with HBO, they had decided to work with our writers since we developed the story in immense detail. There were so many ideas around the location and fictional characters that HBO would announce the finished and publication date, April 2009. The rest is history. What is being described is the benefit of film commissions. As writers they're writing the film script together in a large group called a 'commission', which will have the producer, director, agents, actors and almost everyone involved at the location. This is to get writers involved with the project and its significance. Usually (not always) the project is large and once the script is green lit the salary of most writers is quite big to sustain enough for some time. An example is Kevin Fiege who writes the Marvel scripts and produces the films for a huge profit. When Avengers endgame was finished it generated a profit of 2.7billion dollars and was the highest grossing film for a long time. This was done by the script successfully giving a better relationship with Marvel writers, as they got paid a lot for working a long time on the script before it was even green lit. Writers get to work across different locations from small set locations to large scale places.
In video games, being hired by a video game towards a commissioned project you can earn an average salary for a Game Writer is £31,528 in United Kingdom. The highest getting paid is 52,000 in the UK.
The hiring process is the same as any other sector. It takes long time for writing the scripts for story based games. RTS, ARPG to Platformers (example being the game Cuphead a platformer genre/ new platformer game) takes hours of dedication to write the scripts for each genre of video game perfectly. However, Video games are becoming a popular media sector for hiring employers. Some games have multiple scriptwriters working on them since they need to develop a lot of the story. An example of this is World of Warcraft. It has at least more than 50 people credited for the writing.
Case study: Quentin Tarantino
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| Django Unchained poster |
Description
Quentin Tarantino is a scriptwriter and director who wrote noticeable film works such as Pulp fiction, Kill Bill Vol#1 and Django Unchained. Though while he definitely wrote them he also directed the majority of his films the way he wanted. He was born in Knoxville Tennessee. His dad was an Italian-American actor and musician which got him interested into film. He was interested in one obsession, watching films on his VCR. It was from this obsession of watching movies over and over again that Quentin learned about film making. As a result of watching so many videos at his local video shop, Video Archives invited him to work for them. As a result he got paid to watch numerous films at work. His knowledge of movies was and still is encyclopedic. Video Archives video shop was the single most important influence on Quentin’s eventual success as a director. While, Pop culture themes or other famous works of directors and producers linking to the context of his directed films are featured this is how he began his career in film. This maybe the case for his reference to constant messages of culture, an example being in Kill Bill Vol#1 and Django unchained.
In 1992 Tarantino's first film reservoir dogs appeared at the Sundance film festival and won him some awards. This sparked the interest of other scriptwriters and directors. Tarantino's legendary film career soon was clear after Pulp fiction a 1994 film which he won an award for. The film Pulp fiction dives into the lives of two mob hitmen, a boxer, a gangster and his wife, and a pair of diner bandits intertwine in four tales of violence and redemption. From the release of Pulp fiction it has gained Tarantino a huge following from the film community. Tarantino's writing process is he talks about his Visualization and “Before I make the movie, I watch the movie,” the filmmaker insisted. He tries to visualize the films components and create a concept or vision of what he see's in the final product. Than he starts to write out ideas and comes out with the films idea. Tarantino start into film making supports this as he decided to watch films and study their action and what they do. Quentin Tarantino was a great networker and this was able to help him in his career.
His scripts did get rejected and is something in Tarantino's history that has happened. An example was True romance which was turned down for sometime. But he never gave up which was important for his success as a rising filmmaker and stands at a net-worth of $120 million.
What made Tarantino special?
When you watch a talented director or scriptwriter for a film such as Christopher Nolan or Alfred Hitchcock have a style to the way they approach writing films. But the way films Tarantino approached them is through a deep understanding of the scene in his head. This could be the lighting, camera direction/ positioning and sometimes the characters in the world of the film. In Pulp fiction we see the appeal of the characters in the way Tarantino envision them the way they are acted out. He is very talented with the way he can set the scene for the characters. Most of the first scenes are in the opening act and show off the main characters- great for the audience knowledge of the film since it chronicles what the main objective of the film.
Demands and requirements
It is important to understand scriptwriting requirements fully looking at how writers can develop skills for effective scripts.
Networking:
What is Networking?
Networking is about making connections with a range of people, not just those in powerful positions. You can use networking to meet other aspiring actors, writers, filmmakers, and editors. When networking, look for possible connections that you share with another professional outside of entertainment. Networking is important for anyone who is interested in Film since Networking in the film industry is important because it allows you to meet peers and people in leadership roles that can help you move forward in your film career. Networking also expands your social network and opens up your pool of opportunities, connecting you with new people and helping you build strong relationships. In the entertainment business, freelance work is prevalent, so making these connections is vital because it puts you in the best position to land your next job. In summary, Networking is important if you want to contact an agent or freelance worker to help with a film. Networking is also about making follow up film connection. It is important to send Email's to the Agent and producer or Freelancer so that they will see your in touch with them as much as possible. This is important for a scriptwriter as when submitting a "spec" or "draft" script for a film it needs to be seen by an agent to get published and have been paid from the agent or producer. So this is a demand and a requirement for getting paid for writers.
Marketing/ Pitching
What is marketing/ Pitching?
Marketing, Pitching or promoting the script is the process of discussing or speaking about an idea for a draft script or screenplay to an agent in person face to face or in an email. Usually, the script is looked at by professionals to see if it is useable in a pre-production film, television show or video game. An agents job and their talented agencies are the people behind-the-scenes. In the entertainment industry Agents find work for actors, filmmakers, writers, and musicians. They also go ahead and sort financial problems and deals made between partnerships.
Pitching, promoting and marketing are part of the agents and film agencies are required for finding work as a scriptwriter. For people to find your Pitched idea of a script, you need an agency to find it and think about the financial, social and marketable effects on the future.
Pitching, Marketing or promoting is important as it allows for actors, musicians, storyboard writers or artists, directors and producers to examine the scripts ideas and criticisms. The importance of this is that you at least are using a developed original idea which might help the persuasion of this to agents who may offer you a job. This is a requirement in employment for film writers to tell them why they need to be employed.
Legal and ethical requirements
For Scriptwriters, they have to follow a large quantity of legal and ethical requirements. Legal requirements are important for not getting a scriptwriter into prison. Ethical requirements for a scriptwriter may suggest they have a bad taste in making films.
Option/ purchase agreements
An option/purchase agreement is most often used by two parties to sell/acquire the motion picture and television rights to existing screenplays. But this kind of agreement is also used to acquire the motion picture and television rights to things like comic books, novels, theatrical works (plays/musicals), or even film remake rights. I mention these latter works because it’s becoming more and more common for screenwriters to take the initiative and acquire these kinds of pre-existing intellectual properties as the basis of the screenplays they write.
A collaboration agreement is used when two or more parties decide to work together to achieve a common goal. For example, to co-write a script. It is a relatively simple agreement that specifies the agreed goals, assorted responsibilities, ownership, and other basic aspects of the relationship between the collaborating parties. If you plan to co-write a script, a collaboration agreement is the first agreement you should sign.
Copyright:
Copyright is a type of intellectual property that protects original works of authorship as soon as an author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression. In copyright law, there are a lot of different types of works, including paintings, photographs, illustrations, musical compositions, sound recordings, computer programs, books, poems, blog posts, movies, architectural works, plays, and so much more! Copyright law is a right which protects: Reproduce the work in copies, Prepare derivative works based upon the work, Distribute copies or phonorecords of the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental, lease, or lending. Perform the work publicly if it is a literary, musical, dramatic, or choreographic work; a pantomime or a motion picture or other audiovisual work. Display the work publicly if it is a literary, musical, dramatic, or choreographic work; a pantomime; or a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work. This right also applies to the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work and Perform the work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission if the work is a sound recording.
Copyright:
Copyright is very important for keeping work safe. All work in films are protected by copyright law. In general copyright is infringed on any work you publish. This can be written, viewed, heard like music, a film or a book. Copyright is automatically applied to anything you do in the UK. It stops people from distributing copies for money or for free, copying your work, renting or lending copies of your work, performing, showing or playing your work in public, making an adaptation of the given work (This is different from adaptations the owner has allowed for fair use) and putting it on the internet. Allowing freedom of expression from other work or property is allowed and allowed in fair use as long as the owner of the property agree's to the terms with what the person wants to do. Legally, this is allowed as long as the work is credited and given the © copyright watermark, a licensed agreement, the name of the owner's rights and the time given for the work. When the time has expired it is allowed to be used as long as it can be used within fair copyright agreements. Example of Illegal copyright use was famous case of copyright infringement is that of Battlestar Galactica, who apparently ‘borrowed’ a little too much from Star Wars.
Galactica was produced in the wake of the success of the 1977 film Star Wars and sci-fi author Jerry Pournelle, starring on a guest panel in This Week in Teck (episode 223), explains that 20th Century Fox sued Universal Studios (the studio behind Battlestar Galactica) for copyright infringement, claiming that it had stolen 34 distinct ideas from Star Wars. Among them was a character named Skyler, a tad too close to Skywalker, and the possibility of airing with the title “Star Worlds”.
Universal Studios didn’t take this news lightly. “I agreed not to use certain effects including laser streaks from our guns,” said Galactica creator Glen Larson, who supposedly met producer Gary Kurtz to figure things out. “I always consider [the case] very unfair because we had met…and they were in agreement not to take any action." Copyright protects this from happening.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of re-creating or re-enacting action from anything you've heard, seen or have been reading. This isn't similar to copyright.
According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize" means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
to use (another's production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.
In other words,
Plagiarism is a form of fraud. The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file). The same applies to videos, images and music in media. Majority of films, TV and Music videos or video games concentrate on people trying not to plagiarize work by putting up community guidelines which monitor what people do. The way this is prevented or stopped before is through plagiarism detection software. It is to identify content similarity matches. That is, the software scans a database of crawled content and identifies the text components and then compares it to the components, or content, of other work. Otherwise, whole agencies will try to spot similarities in the work written, spoken or viewed work to check copyright infringement and change it to plagiarism infringement.
Watershed issues/ PG rating system:
The watershed is the time when children (people under 15 years old) have not seen what happens on television and go to sleep at this time. Regular televised programs are usually kept censored from the morning till 9PM to 5:30 in the morning. In Film this is acknowledged in the PG system is applied. This talks about the age group of people who will watch the film.
Defamation:
Greene says he worked at Stratton Oakmont, the discredited Long Island brokerage founded by Jordan Belfort, between 1993 and 1996, latterly as head of the firm's corporate finance department and a member of the board of directors. Belfort stated that his real name was inaccurately re-used. Scriptwriters therefore need to remember that other people based on a true story is important to not diminish someone's reputation or a real person's story that exists. Sometimes in the media industry, If after publication that you have used deflamitory language be it online, in the printed press or on TV you can insist on an early and fulsome apology or correction, together with payment of appropriate damages and your legal costs. This is often enough to set the record straight. Defamation experts and, where clients have not been able to vindicate their reputations prior to issuing court proceedings, you have a strong record of suing in relation to defamatory articles. You can just appolagise about what you did and pay for what you did in the film or media industry.
Slander/Libel:
Blasphemy is the action or offence of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things; profane talk. This could be words which belittle's a person by describing their skin colour, where they come from, their beliefs (religion or rights) when it is spoken from one word. There are numerous cases when Profanity or Blasphemy has been used improperly or as a form of expression. In films, certain words are used to belittle the character in the fictional world. Writers such as Tarantino or Alfred hitchcock will use swearing to depict the past and what happened; which has been criticised but also used to create a more expressive character the actors portray. Why this is important is that if used a lot it can create a film or scriptwriter look bad and rate the ideas or manifesto of the film as negative to an audience. This can be overlooked by the agent and see if the writing (words) has offensive language. Most likely this will be censored on the final version.
Ethical issues
Indecency:
Desceny refers to behaviour that conforms to accepted standards of morality or respectability. If in the script something is seen as indecent than it is usually meant to suggest the opposite. The scriptwriters and production team of the film or TV show suggest the behaviour of people not given enough respect to beliefs or morals and this isn't given credit or enough dignity. Why this is important is that if decent standards aren't met than it suggests the complete opposite ideas of expressing the respect to a specific religion or culture, respecting it as much as possible in a positive light. An example of a film is the life of Brian which got banned in lot's of countries for it's repetitive symbolism of Brian as the birth of Jesus. It also depicts the death of Christ and his crusifiction on a Christ symbol. This depiction of symbol was made a joke of by the Produced film. An important reason to avoid Indescency is to respect people beliefs and not entirely focus on one set belief to joke about, something that should be checked by the scriptwriter themselves.
Offensive content:
Offensive content can be seen in a different ways: Visually or audible. Visual offensive content is imagery either moving or static that shows off something which can be considered to offend someone by looking at it. Audible offensive content could be viewed as slander or Profanity. Usually, all offensive content is censored. This is important for a scriptwriter as this could affect somebody emotionally and the personal relationship they've got to a film. Or it could be impactful to the audience who will not like the use of supplementary offensive content. A film which captured a lot of controversy for being offensive was Django Unchained as it didn't censor the N-word in the film. It's imagery of black slaves being chained up and working in cotton fields show the films significant impact on how people swear. Tarantino suggested the use of the word to be "historically accurate" and wanted to suggest the depiction of the past to black people as slaves. The importance of censoring content is a Ethical and almost legal responsibility to make sure people don't feel offended.
Evaluation
In summary, the scriptwriter is a major role and can effect the final movies story and message to the reader and to the audience. A scriptwriter is responsible for the script: a written plan of a film, television show, video game and other sectors. The scriptwriter can only get work from an agent where they will see if it is worth to sell their script. Selling scripts isn't the only way scriptwriters get paid since their are many more methods for getting paid not just through hire from an agent. Though a scriptwriter must make sure they don't offend a production company's reputation. Therefore, the benefit of a scriptwriter is important to guiding a story and making it more readable in any sector.
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